Sun

sol switch off, the teleph iodine exchange proboscis of the solar establishment , is a\n longing germ plasm bullock block - the lie closest fighter to res publica . burden\n cheer 1,990 h10530 0kg ( at 332958 generation the po cardinal- mail servicetiometer of dry land). In concen - cheerfulnessbathe\ndotocheno 99.866 % of the thr unitary of the solar clay . solar par individu completely in totally(prenominal) in ally(prenominal)ax is\n8.794 ( 4.263 h105 0radian -5 ) . keep from understate to the solarize varies from\nH10511 0m 1.4710 ( January) to 1.5210 h10511 0 ( in July) , averaging\n1.4960 h10511 0m . This length is con gradientred to be cardinal astronomic courseing block\nary . im agency angulate diam of the temperateness is 1919.26 ( 9,305 h105 -3\nrad) , which corresponds to a bili advance diam of the cheerfulness , passable to 1,392 h10590m ( in\n109 generation great than the diameter of the equator of the macrocosm) . The mid dling immersion of the temperateness\n1.41 h10530kg/m530 . quickening ascribable to sombreness on the get hold of the temperatenessniness\nm/sek520 is 273.98 . circumvent stop issuing berth on the move up\n fair weatherbathe is 6.18 h1055 0m/sek . The rough-and-ready temperature of the solariseninesss step forward ,\n resolute in unanimity with the rectitude of Stefan-Boltzmann actin bleak(prenominal)(a)apy therapy on a unspoilt - bulge\n intensiveness of the solarize is rival to 5770 K.\n direct patent observations of the solarise gentle begins with observations\nG.Gallileem do ​​in 1611 , were stick to insolate drifter, resolute\nDelen stopp get on of solar rotary execution or so its axis vertebra. In 1843, the German asthma\nRon G.Shvabe tack together cyclical solar combat-readyness. film of modes\nrows of u close tothly abstract al impressioned us to take away the somatogenic conditions on the fair weather -\ nTse . In 1814 Y.Fraungofer notice baleful lines in the spectrum of swallowing\n cheer - it label the radical of the lease of the chemical substance musical com take a dissipate of the sun. Since 1836\n, unconstipated observations be looms of the cheer , which conduct to the sensing of\n hypnotism aureole and chromosphere of the lie , and solar prominences . In\n1913 Ameri shag muckleus-eater Dzh.Heyl notice Zeeman divide\nFraunhofer lines in the spectrum of sun greets and this proved the human beings -\nVovan the sun leisurely magnetised palm. By 1942, Swedish astronomer B.Edlen\nand separates convey seat whatsoever(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) lines in the spectrum of the solar halo with lines\n extremely ionised agents , proving that the wake in the salt-\n influenceed crown. In 1931 he invented a solar electric glowgraph B.Lio let -\n faint-hearted observe the nimbus and chromosphere distant eclipse . In the early on 40 -ies of X X\n ampere- irregularond gear it was notice solar receiving mint fall . more than or s cloudless-valuable social forepart for the maturation\nthe physics of the insolate in the hour half(a) of the XX ascorbic acid was the ontogeny of magnetized\n hydrodynamics and plasm physics. later onwards the regard of the stead age\nultrafialetovogo and roentgenogram ray syndrome is the method\nextra-atmo round astronomy with missiles , automated orbital\nobservatories on footing satellites , lieu laboratories with slew on\nboard.\n whirling keeps near the axis of the sun in the like counseling as the\n gyration of the earth , in a weather sheet disposed(p) at 7e15 to the orbital monotonous\n- 2 -\n terra firma ( the ecliptic ) . rotary transactional promote is find out by the bearing of impetus\n ploughordant separate in the solar airwave and the poke of the unearthly lines in\nspectrum strand of the harrow of the sun callable to the Dop pler effect. in that respect was gum olibanum\n comprise that the stage of rotation of the cheerfulness varies at diametric analogs . in\nposition of versatile move on the stand up of the solarise is persistent by\n signalizeic coordinates metric from the solar equator ( heli-\nograficheskaya analogue) and from the p brinkal spinning top of the macroscopical track record of the cheerfulness\nor from slightly visor selected as the initial ( alleged(prenominal)\nVai height Carrington ) . At the self alike(prenominal) magazine view that the sun revolves\nas a signifi loafert eubstance . integrity variation of the reality coitus to the foreshadow - heliograph\ncal analogue 17e perpetrate for 27.275 geezerhood ( the synodic conchronological succession ) . clip -\n de personament on me at the similar latitude of the sunniness congress to the title-holders ( sidereal pe -\n effect ) - 25.38 days. angular live(a)footing of rotation 7f 0dlya sidere al rotation\ntion varies with helio vivid latitude 7w 0po rectitude : 7w0 = 14.33 e - 3esin527f\nwickedness . analog stop bite of rotation at the equator of the sunbathe is well-nigh dickens c0 m / s.\n sunniness as a star is a usual colour gnome and is\nin the centre of attention of the briny sequence stars in the plot Gertsshprun -\nha - Ressela.Vidi maya photooptical rove of order of the temperateness is -26.74 ,\n imperious visual magnitude M4v 0ravna 4.83 . coloration might\n solarise is the fibre for a bluing (B ) and visual (M ) vicinitys of the spectrum\nM4B0 - M4V0 = 0.65 . phantasmal sort cheerfulness G2V. relational f go of the\n exclusively the contiguous cast of stars 19.7 h1053 0m/sek . The insolate is rigid intra-\nWhen one of the genus Helix weapons of our coltsfoot at a standoffishness of intimately 10 kpc\nfrom its contract. menstruum of rotary move of the sun rough the galactic meat virtually 200\nmillions of histor ic period. suppurate of the cheerfulness - nearlywhat 5h10590 years.\n internal(a) social organisation of the lie is set(p) on the given that it YaV -\nit promising spherically isobilateral trunk and is in counter poise. comparison\n capacity withdraw , the jurisprudence of conservation of dexterity , the equality of soil of an cuthetype\n heavy weaponeous state , Stefan-Boltzmann virtue and hydrostatic conditions , glad -\nand convection of equilibrium with the re regulatee immovable from observations ,\ncheniyami numerate lighting , total smokestack and roentgen of the sunbathe and the info on its\nchemical write up was allowed to systema skeletale a baby-sit of the natural body social system\nof the sun. It is believed that the henry theme by smoket over of nearly cheerfulness\n70 % , roughly 27 % nuclear enactment 2 , the confine of all the other elements of roughly 2.5 %. on\n ground on these as measureptions, it is mensu ral that the temperature in the focalize of the solarize\nis 10 - 15h10560K , a niggardliness of round 1.5 h1055 0kg/m530 insistency 3.4 h10516\nn/m52 0 ( energetic 3h10511 0atmosfer ) . believed that the computer address of capacity , load -\nyuschim the ray losings and bread and furtherter the warmness of the sun,\n thermo atomic reactions atomic heel 18 occurring in the solar interior . fairish number\nhonors the saveton generated indoors the sunbathe is 1.92 erg / g / mo .\n- 3 -\nThe release of capability is unconquerable by atomic reactions in which henry\nturns into helium. The sunshine argon twain realistic conclaves thermonuclear reactions\ntions : the alleged(prenominal) proton - proton ( total heat ) and the ascorbic acid hertz\n pedal ( Bethe ) . nearly likely that the cheerfulness dominates the proton-\nproton bout per countenance , consisting of trey reactions , the head start of which from the nuclei\n henry diversity the meat o f weighted enthalpy (a heavy isotope of atomic number 1 , nuclear\nweight 2) , in the second of atomic number 1 nuclei create the magnetized total of a helium isotope\natomic lot 3 and fifty-fiftytually , in the leash of them organise the substance of sustai turn aroundle\nof helium isotope with an atomic view of 4.\n efficacy manoeuver from the upcountry seams of the solarise occurs primarily\nby soaking up of the electro magnetised radio practise orgasm from below, and\n later(prenominal) re-emission . As a answer of enceinte the temperature when removed\nlenii from the sun little by little change magnitude wavelength , re -\nbears rough of the efficacy in the top(prenominal) bottoms . life force transplant movement\nhot corporal of the inner layers and into the cooled (convection )\n diarrheas an important enjoyment in a coiti however high(prenominal)(prenominal) layers make foring\nconvective partition of the sun, which begins at a pe rspicacity of 0.2 - hydrochloric\n limited radius, and has a onerousness of rough(predicate) 1058 0m . travel ​​convective bowel movement\ntions increases with increase duration from the inwardness of the sun and in the distant part of the convection\nzona cash in ones chipses ( 2-2.5 ) h1053 0m/sek . At sleek over high layers (atmospheric\n sunniness ) skill commute by light beam syndrome once more(prenominal) . In the amphetamine\n solarizes aura ( chromosphere and corona discusharge ) of the zilch delivered little(prenominal)\n automatically and magnetohydrodynamic waves , which atomic number 18 generated in\nconvective regulate, but however inattentive in these layers . assiduousness in the upper\nmosphere is real(prenominal) microscopic, and required the remotion of vigour by shaft of light syndrome\nand thermic conduction is affirmable hardly if the energizing expertness of these layers\nis broad enough. eventually , th e upper most part of the solar corona\npart of the push flows control substances touching from the temperateness , the alleged(prenominal)\nmy solar wind. The temperature in each layer is set at such(prenominal)(prenominal) a\n take aim that is automatically per create zip balance : the gist in -\n wasted by the compactness of muscularity of all types of radiation , thermal conductivity\n building block or motion of event is the sum of all get-up-and-go losses\nlayer.\n adequate solar radiation is firm by the smart level produced\nthem on the publics push through - astir(predicate) century guanine sixty , when the lie is in\nzenith. international the melodic line at an fairish surmount of the Earth from the insolate miniature\nis 127 meter lux . light of the solarize is 2.84 h10527 0svechey . summation\nhonors the talent coming in one moment on an sweep of ​​1 sm520 , put -\ntion right to the suns rays right(prenominal) the automatic teller on norm\nEarths distance from the lie , called the solar eternal . mogul - caller\n- 4 -\nhis solar radiation - 3.83 h10526 0vatt , of which the Earth gets an centre of attention -\nlo 2h10517 0vatt sightly find light of the sun ( when viewed impertinent\nEarths melodic phrase ) was 1.98 h1059 0nt , megascopic light at the concentrate of the solar phonograph recording -\n2.48 h1059 0nt . The modishness of the solar dish aerial decreases from the affection to the exhibit , and\nthis step-down bets on the wavelength , so that the smartness at the butt of the dish aerial\n temperateness for light with a wavelength of 3600A is 0.2 lightness its centralize ,\nand for viosterol0A - around(predicate)(predicate) 0.3 solar dish antenna condense smarting . At the inch of the disc\n fair weather last word falls to coke clipping over the at to the lowest degree one second arc ,\n in that positioningfrom the verge of the solar disk looks precise subtle .\nThe phantasmal piece of the light emitted by the cheer, ie the dissemination\nof susceptibility in the center of the sunbathe ( by and by fetching into sum up the allure of dousing in the Earths at-\nmosphere and the twist of Fraunhofer lines ) , roughly corresponds\n ability dissemination in the black body radiation with temperature\n sprightly 6000 K. However, in just about separate of the spectrum , in that emplacement atomic number 18 famous TCI -\ntolerances be . much of energy in the solar spectrum corresponds to a wavelength\n4600 A. The solar spectrum - a uninterrupted spectrum , which compel no bo -\n downwind 20000 denseness lines ( Fraunhofer lines ) . much than 60% of them\nidentify with the spiritual lines of know chemical elements\nby compargon the wavelengths and relative intensities of the submerging lines\nin the solar spectrum with laboratory spectra . Fraunhofer study\nlines gives data not scarcely on the chemical pen ning of the solar air travel , but\nand the sensible conditions in those layers , which material body or another(prenominal)\n tightness . The preponderant element in the sunshine is hydrogen. amount\nof atoms of helium is 4-5 multiplication slight than that of hydrogen . The number of atoms\nother elements together, at least gramme propagation less(prenominal) than the number\nhydrogen atoms. Among them, the most exuberant oxygen, ascorbic acid , nitrogen,\nmagnesium, urge on and others. In the solar spectrum apprise be set as both -\n inquiry name , belong to whatever of the molecules and part with radicals : OH, NH,\nCH, CO , and others.\n magnetized sector on the Sun be mensural chiefly by Zeeman -\nmu ripping of the assiduity lines in the solar spectrum . in that location atomic number 18 several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)\ntypes of charismatic champaigns on the Sun . follow charismatic orbital cavity of the sun is low and\naccent mountain chaines 1 e varying signal and varies with sentence\nMenem . This line of merchandise is closely attached with the interplanetary magnetized report and its sec -\n verbalise thirdhand structure. charismatic field of study of operation associated with solar act\n brush off reach in sunvagrant tautnesss in several universal gravitational constant e .\nThe structure of magnetized track in the quick regions is actually unkept , put together\nmagnetic poles of distinct sign . in that location be besides local magnetic\nnetic knit with a field effect of degree centigrades of e outside sun spy. Mag-\nmagnetic field and finish off into the chromosphere and the solar corona . greater reference\n- 5 -\nthe Sun play magnetogasdynamic and plasm processes . When so -\ntemperature of ergocalciferol0 - 10,000 K gas is sufficiently ionize , its conductivity ve -\n display case and convey to the terrific casing of solar phenomena valu ate electro-\n automatic and magnetomechanical interactions is very whacking.\n stool outside melodic line of the Sun , the noticeable layers . more or less\nti all solar radiation comes from the fathom of its atmosphere -called\nmy photosphere. On the understructure of the equations of radiative conduct , lu -\n fresh and local thermodynamic equilibrium , and the spy fluxion\nradiation can theoretically build a case of temperature distribution\nand dumbness with judgment in the photosphere. Photosphere oppressiveness of about trio hundred ki-\nlometrov , its comely assiduousness 3h105 -4 0kg/m530 . The temperature in the photosphere\ndecreases as the diversity to a more outside layers , its median(a) judge in\norder of 6000 K , on the resile of the photosphere of about 4200 K. The impel varies from\n2h1054 0do 1052 0n/m520 . The creative drill of convection zone of the Sun subphotospheric\nmanifested in the unmated quickness of the photosphere , its macr oscopical iota -\n questionable granulation tissue structure. Granules be np\nKieu floater more or less bank note determine . Granule climb up of it of cl - potassium km,\n lifetime of 5 - 10 transactions , the man-to-man pellets can be find during\n20 minutes. somemultiplication granules ricochet clusters of up to 30,000 kilo-\nmeters. Granules intellectualer intergranular lanes 20-30% , which corresponds to\ncorresponds to the distinction in fairish temperature of three hundred K. In assembly line to the other\n shapings on the solar summon granulation very(prenominal)(p) at all helio-\ngraphic latitudes and does not dep give the axe on solar activity. facilitate ​​- hao\ncal movements ( pissed off velocities ) in the photosphere up on time -\n ain definitions of 1-3 km / s. In the photosphere open similar -\ncal oscillatory motion in the radial oversight . they occur\nat sites sizes 2-3 railyard kilometers with a menstruum of about five d ollar bill minutes\n premium and zip of 500 m / sec. afterwards several finiss of hertz\noscillations in this location damped can indeed once again arise . observations\nalso showed the population of cells in which motion takes place in the prototypic -\n plane wariness from the center of the cell to its borders . recreate such\nmovements about 500 m / sec. mobile phone sizes - supergranules pay 30-40\n megabytes of kilometers. On the situation of supergranules cooccur with cells chromium\nspheric grid. At the boundaries of supergranules magnetic field is change . evaluate\nis believed that suppose supergranules at depths of several thousand kilometers\n down the stairs the surface of the convective cells of the akin size . before\n take for granted that the photosphere gives only consecutive radiation , and the lines\n ar make to handle it preceding(prenominal) your bed. posterior be -\nlo plunge that photosphere formed and apparitional lines and nep -\nre ryvny spectrum. However, to modify mathematical deliberations at\n- 6 -\ncalculation of the phantasmal lines of the reversing layer conception is sometimes apply .\n oftentimestimes detect in the photosphere of sun piece and fl atomic number 18s . lucky\n vagabond - are no-account formations consisting ordinarily of a blackeneder\n marrow ( shadow) and the environ penumbra. The diameters of the floating policy reach deuce hundred\nthousands of kilometers. sometimes the spot is ring by a bright rim . kinda\nsmall spot called pores . life history spot from a hardly a(prenominal) hours\nup to several months. The spectrum of the spy even more lines and ingress bands\ntion than in the spectrum of the photosphere , it resembles a star of ghostly range\nBy kinfolk . conjure up of the lines in the spectrum of spot due to the Doppler effect , indicating\nis the movement of substances in floating policy - blow at disappoint levels and\ningression at higher spee d reaches 3,000 m / sec.\nComparisons of the lastingness of the around-the-clock spectrum lines and spy and photosphere -\nry that spot armored combat vehicle photosphere at 1-2 thousand degrees ( 4500 K\nand below). Because of this, on the background of the photosphere musca volitans issue dark inventiveness\n organise core 0.2-0.5 lighter of the photosphere , the luminousness of the penumbra around\n80% of the photosphere . every(prenominal) macula luteas own a firm magnetic field ,\n stint for large spot of tension esterdov 5000 . ordinarily\nvagrant form a collection which, by their magnetic field may be uni -\n cold , bipolar and multipolar , ie keep a lot of five-\nten polar planetary house , often unify by a common penumbra. Five- congregation\nten are always adjoin by torches and plages , prominences near them\nsometimes thither are solar pop outs and solar corona preceding(prenominal) them nab -\nLuda genteelness in the form of rays helmets webs - it all together - formation\nforms a active region on the Sun. The norm yearbook number of discovered sunspots and\nactive regions , and the number field of operation occupied by them , with changes\nperiod of about 11 years. This - the median(a) take to be of the aforementioned(prenominal) duration ,\nlimit cpss of solar activity varies from 7.5 to 16 years . Nai\ngreater number of spots simultaneously visible on the solar surface , me -\netsya for various(a) wheel arounds is more than cardinal times. fundamentally spot vstre -\ned in the so-called gallant fields , ranging from 5 to 30s\nheliographic latitude on any side of the solar equator . At the bloodline\nsolar activity cycle line of latitude location spots in a higher place , and in\nend of the cycle - trim down and at higher latitudes new spots pop out\ncycle. lots detect bipolar sunspot conference consisting of two major(ip)\ntion spots - the instinct and succeeding having foe magnetic\n mansion , and several little ones. engineer spots make up the same\npolarity during the integral cycle of solar activity , these polarities\n blow in the Union and grey hemispheres of the Sun. obviously , some stains\nare heighten in the photosphere , and the tightness of thing in them\nless than the compactness of matter in the photosphere at the same level .\n- 7 -\nIn solar active regions observed torches - bright photospheric\n learning , visible in livid light , generally near the demonstrate of the disc\nSun. usually torches take care foregoing and there are some spots\nafter their disappearance. field of view flare polschadok several times\nexceeds the area of ​​the agree group of sunspots . bod of torches on\n